![iobserve review iobserve review](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/02/6e/5d/026e5d25ed0d6e59074c99cce50d597d.jpg)
![iobserve review iobserve review](https://www.learnreligions.com/thmb/pGfylpEV-Yp1ML7jbiy1WrmGAU8=/1328x996/smart/filters:no_upscale()/WickerMan_1500-57c7276d3df78c71b6061b4b.jpg)
![iobserve review iobserve review](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/ee/80/8a/ee808ab3bc1ae91508994bb7187a04f0.jpg)
Some could argue that protective PB may also serve as a communicative function when they are viewed by others, and that communicative behaviors may also serve to seek support or assistance from the patient’s social environment. touching the painful area after task performance). The second category includes communicative PBs, which is defined as “observable behaviors meant to communicate to others that one is experiencing pain” (e.g. The first category includes protective PBs, which is defined as “any action primarily aimed at minimizing the experience of pain, promoting recovery from injury, or reducing the probability of further injury” (e.g. PB are defined as “the behavioral alterations observed in individuals experiencing pain” and consist of two main categories. The persistence of these PB may lead to poor outcomes and are known risk factors for the recurrence of pain and chronicity. In addition to the avoidance patterns, the Endurance-Avoidance Model proposes that thought suppression or distraction may lead to endurance-related pain behaviors, namely, the opposite of the avoidance behaviors. This suggests that the evaluation of maladaptive cognitions and emotions should specifically be assessed by rehabilitation professionals.Īccording to the Fear-Avoidance Model, maladaptive cognitions (e.g., Pain catastrophizing) and maladaptive emotions (e.g., Fear of movement) may contribute to the development of avoidance-related pain behaviors (PB).
![iobserve review iobserve review](https://i.pinimg.com/originals/cd/33/a9/cd33a948078fc8ac9a89656ea30df56b.png)
According to a systematic review of the best practice care for musculoskeletal pain, the authors conclude that the assessment of psychosocial factors should be an essential part of the evaluation process. The biopsychosocial model of pain strongly supports that in addition to biological and social factors, cognitive-emotional factors drive the experience of pain and disability. With the extraction of PB presented in the literature, we contribute to better prepare clinicians to recognize PB in all patients who are experiencing pain. However, these methods have limitations and are validated only in chronic low back pain populations. Our results allowed us to recommend two observation methods for clinical practice. The extraction of the PB allowed us to list a large range of PB and classify the data in 7 categories of PB. For the second objective, 107 studies met the inclusion criteria. After the psychometric step, two observation methods were retained and recommended for clinical practice: the Behavioral Avoidance Test-Back Pain (BAT-Back) and the Pain Behaviour Scale (PaBS). The clinical criteria allowed us to select three observation methods. Resultsįrom the 3362 retrieved studies, 47 met the inclusion criteria for the first objective. For the second objective, we extracted PB found in the literature to list potential PB that patients could exhibit, and clinicians could observe. For the first objective, a two-step critical appraisal used clinical criteria (from qualitative studies on barriers to implement routine measures) and psychometric criteria (from Brink and Louw critical appraisal tool) to determine which observation methods could be recommended for clinical practice. We conducted a comprehensive review on four databases with a generic search strategy in order to obtain the largest range of PB. As a secondary objective, we explored and extracted the different observable PB that patients could exhibit and that clinicians could observe. The main objective of this study was to identify direct observation methods and critically appraise them in order to propose recommendations for practice. To date, in the context of assessment in a rehabilitation setting, PB in clinical settings are poorly documented. Thus, clinicians must be prepared to recognize maladaptive PB in a clinical context. These maladaptive PB will further increase the risk of chronicity or persistence of symptoms and disability. These factors can lead to pain behaviors (PB) that can persist and become maladaptive. Cognitive-affective factors influence the perception of pain and disability.